The Giver Essays (449 words) - The Giver, Son,

The Giver It is what's to come. There is no war, no appetite, and no torment. Nobody in The Community needs for anything. Everybody is accommodated. Every Family Unit is qualified for one female and male youngster. Every individual from The Community has their calling deliberately decided for them by the Committee of Elders, and they never commit an error. In this day and age, one of the most cherished assets is family and a home. In Jonas' reality, a family is all ways the equivalent. There is one mother, one father, one male youngster, and one male sister. All the homes are the equivalent. The furniture was reasonable, solid, and the capacity was obviously characterized. There was a bed for dozing, a table for eating, and a work area for examining. In the work area there were just three books: a word reference, the network volume, and the Book of Rules. In our reality, life can take you anyplace. It is possible that you can be rich or be a bum in the city. In the book, your life was chosen for you by the Committee of Elders. On the off chance that you bombed your activity, you were discharged. For most employments, when you have the activity, you have it forever. The main special case is for the birthmothers. When they have had three youngsters, they become some portion of the Clean-Up Crew. In our life, we appreciate the world to its fullest degree. In the Giver, there is no shading. Everything is high contrast. A few people don't get the chance to appreciate life. Children that are to light or undesirable are discharged. Older individuals are discharged when they have no utilization to the network. Individuals who fizzle with their activity are discharged. In our day of living, the main way you would be executed is on the off chance that you carried out a wrongdoing like killing. In their reality, individuals are killed, or what they like to call discharge, for straightforward reasons. Such would be: Babies that are to light or unfortunate are discharged. Old individuals are discharged when they have no utilization to the network. Individuals who come up short with their activity are discharged. Everything is the equivalent in the network aside from one spot. That spot would be in the Giver's living quarter and in the Giver's reality. His home has rich furnishings and racks of books all around his room. The greatest distinction is that he can see shading. In spite of the fact that there may appear to be various contrasts, there are a few likenesses in these two universes. The two universes have vehicles. In the two universes individuals like to ride there bicycles. Children despite everything need to go to class. Guardians and youngsters need to work. Reference index The Book The Giver Book Reports

Business communication trends Free Essays

At the point when I was working in on the off chance that I had a Job, how this sentence would play into my everyday work exercises would be isn't have clashes with my different laborers, in if there were any contentions I would attempt to streamline things as opposed to exacerbating the situation, you need your coworker’s to confide in you not let them think you are against them, vaccination abilities is the best thing anybody can have in light of the fact that rather than somebody talking despite your good faith saying various stuff in the event that you have incredible relational abilities at work, clashes can be taken care of without words being passed among one another, things can be controlled in a convenient and effective manner. How can it assist you with dealing with your day by day exercises? How it causes me is the point at which I am taking a shot at our assignments or ass’s, I end up composing better so individuals can comprehend what I am attempting to hand-off to them I Just must be cautious about my run-on sentences, I despite everything have some enhancement for my inoculation abilities yet I am taking it step by step, since I have had a few objections about my composing aptitudes that’s why I allude verbally talking than composing mayday of the week since you don’t need to stress over your accentuation of any sort. What patterns have you found in your present or past working environment? I have not worked in a long time, however I do utilize a great deal of the relational abilities with my tutoring, in light of the fact that we need to impart each week through our assignments just as our ass’s, and if what we are stating don’t bode well or they can't get it, it makes no difference by any stretch of the imagination, provided that your words are not plainly composed nobody will comprehend what you are attempting to hand-off to them, on the grounds that before going to the college my relational abilities were horrendous despite everything is except I am planning to improve ideally this class will assist me with learning the correct relational abilities that I have to know. We will compose a custom article test on Business correspondence patterns or then again any comparable theme just for you Request Now What message types are aftereffects of these patterns? The message types comprise of various types and on the off chance that they are not utilized accurately they don’t sum to a slope of beans. The sorts that I can say can help me are verbal, sends, note taking, and letters. The explanation I picked these is on the grounds that when you are composing notes or letters or in any event, sending messages you have to have incredible relational abilities, without them whomever is perusing your messages they need bode well since relational abilities is or can be significant, particularly to whom you are writing to and about. Since for one you need your customer or whoever you are writing to, to comprehend what you are expounding on making an effort not to figure on the theme or subject that is being composed approximately. No references once more: The most effective method to refer to Business correspondence patterns, Papers Business Communication Trends Free Essays As innovation is pushing ahead, so is business correspondence. In the past times, letters to clients or customers were manually written, eye to eye gatherings were held and phone discussions occurred. Business correspondence in today’s society is totally different. We will compose a custom paper test on Business Communication Trends or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now The impact that innovation has on business correspondence is verifiable. This paper will clarify business correspondence, business correspondence jobs in everyday work exercises, business correspondence slants in the work environment, and message types that outcomes from business communications.Business correspondence is correspondence used to make associations and to energize thoughts, administrations, and association inside a business. Types of business correspondence incorporate informal communication instruments, messages, telepresence, individual advanced associates (PDAs), wikis and versatile media players. These specialized strategies are utilized to speak with clients, customers, and partners. Electronic devices are modernizing business correspondence. Gadgets and programming programs are entering the business market to help organizations in being profitable and keeping a serious edge.Conversely, a few organizations feel that utilizing electronic specialized gadgets requires cash, preparing, and time. â€Å"Acquiring new innovation and helping laborers ace it involves a tremendous capital investment,† Locker Kienzler (2008). With new innovation, numerous organizations need to prepare relates how to utilize the gadgets and programming programs. Preparing partners might be tedious and require capital contributed forthright in light of the fact that the business must buy or rent the gadget and guarantee that the sum total of what partners have been appropriately trained.If the partners are not appropriately prepared, profitability will be deferred, consumer loyalty will diminish, and the gadgets or programming might be harmed. Business interchanges assume a significant job in a company’s everyday exercises, for example, reacting to client requests, relating to inner and outside messages, and checking messages. Organizations are giving information to clients by teaching them about the company’s sites. Research is required for client requests that can't be replied on the organization site. Long range interpersonal communication apparatuses have become a profoundly preferred technique for correspondence between partners, contrasted with utilizing messages. Messages are fundamentally used to speak with customers, clients, and keeping partners educated about business related issues. A data over-burden may occur because of abusing email. â€Å"Perhaps the most concerning issue for some, workers is the measure of email. IDC, an exploration counseling firm, gauges 84 billion messages are sent daily,†Locker Kienzler (2008).Telepresence additionally assumes a significant job in business correspondence. The propelled video gathering gatherings bring individuals from various urban communities, states, and countries to one area short the voyaging. Some business correspondence inclines in the work environment are innovation, cooperation, and decent variety. Business correspondence patterns set the tone for an effective and gainful business. Innovation is persistently progressing. With the progression in innovation correspondence is getting simpler and easier.Businesses can speak with different organizations with the snap of a catch or the turn of a switch. â€Å"Teamwork unites people’s shifting qualities and gifts to take care of issues and make decisions,† Locker Kienzler (2008). Minorities, foreigners, and ladies consistently have assumed a job in business interchanges. Decent variety makes contrasts that work. In business correspondence, messages are transmitted in various ways including print (distributions), Internet, TV, radio, and informal. Messages ought to be clear, finished, and correct.Clear messages are effectively perused, the beneficiary doesn't need to think about what the message is about. By ensuring the message is nitty gritty, all the receivers’ questions are replied. All the data in the message should be exact. â€Å"The style, association, and visual or aural effect of the message help the collector read, comprehend, and follow up on the data as fast as possible,† Locker Kienzler (2008). Correspondence patterns are critical to organizations since organizations are continually searching for approaches to discuss viably with their customers.Improved correspondence implies expanded profitability and deals. A successful correspondence framework will assume a significant job in representative/customer connections; the board/worker relationship; and the general job of the organization. Powerful business correspondence is unimaginable without a successful business correspondence system.Reference Locker, K. O. , Kienzler, D. S. (2008). Business and Administrative Communication (eighth ed. ). Boston: McGraw-Hill. The most effective method to refer to Business Communication Trends, Papers

Time Machine Essay Topics

Time Machine Essay TopicsWriting an essay about your travels to the future or back in time is a great way to add flair and humor to your time travel essay. Time travel scenarios are one of the most popular topics used by teachers and essay writers in school writing projects, because they make for fun essays. Below are some examples of topics students might write about in order to exercise their creativity:After years of development, we have the Internet, which has now allowed us to be able to download any possible scenario we could imagine. This technology has opened up another world of possibilities that we never knew existed. One of the easiest ways to explain this phenomenon to others is to use the example of time travel. Let's say you're a kid who wants to visit the future to see what life is like.A child from today can go to the future and download all the things that they like or they can have adventures of their own. How would they experience the future? Would they discover lo ve and adventure? Or would they be obsessed with video games and have very little to do but pass the time?Regardless of the specific time traveler's perspective, their journey will be filled with strange things and amazing discoveries. That is how a kid from today could decide to visit the future. If they are adventurous, they might just return as a child from twenty years in the future and have the same life they had when they were young.They might find that they enjoy what they do and that their children enjoy it too. Those who are parents will find that their children may not be so interested in things that were popular ten years ago.But, parents must also consider how their children will react to events that will transpire in the future - events they cannot recall at the moment. These parents must also prepare themselves for these unexpected discoveries. What they discover is how a kid from the present could go back in time.If a child was to download a book of photographs taken twenty years ago, then they would find that the children in the pictures are still the same age they were when they were born. The difference now is that their grandparents and parents are gone and their relatives and friends are all grown up. There is a sense of loss involved.Perhaps the future travelers' focus will be on sharing their experiences and finding out how the world has changed and if their grandkids are as interested in the past stories that the parents were telling them. If so, then maybe they should try reading them from a time machine. Or perhaps the stories that they read will be a mixture of the past and the future.

Does Social Mobility Provide Evidence For The Demise Of...

â€Å"Does ‘social mobility’ provide evidence for the demise of social class?† In this essay, I will be gathering information and discussing the possible evidence regarding whether or not it is a component of the ‘demise’ of social class. I will be including relevant and up to date information as well as introducing sociologists such as Karl Marx and Max Weber. Also, I will be including references and a bibliography to support my discussion. Social mobility can be defined as â€Å"the movement of individuals, families, households, or other categories of people within or between social strata in a society. It is a change in social status relative to others social location within a given society† (Wikipedia, 2016). Social mobility refers to the†¦show more content†¦Also, social mobility can show whether the life chances of a child and their chances of success are largely a result of the social class which they are born into, as well as other factors like their gender or ethnic origin. (Browne, 1992) According to Giddens and Birdsall (2001), open stratification systems are those in which at least some value is given to achieved status characteristics in a society. The movement can be in a downward or upward direction. Social mobility may be absolute or relative. Absolute social mobility refers to the overall numbers of people who end up in a different layer of stratification from that of their parents. Relative social mobility refers to the differences in probability of attaining a certain outcome, regardless of overall structural changes; a society can have high absolute mobility and low relative mobility. The availability of at least some social mobility can be important in providing pathways to greater equality in societies with high social inequality. (Crompton, 2008) In recent year’s social mobility, the expanding higher education system and greater job flexibility have all been cited as examples of how social class is apparently becoming progressively demised in current Britain. Historically, social class was extremely important in society which was defined by a hierarchy. For example, the established middle class or the traditional working class. According to Clark (2015), social mobility barely exists, so it

Age Bias On The Older Generation - 865 Words

In today’s society, the work industry is comprised of numerous generations from baby boomers to millennia’s. Due to reasons ranging from increased cost of living to political policies, Americans are being forced to work longer in order to obtain the social security benefits they’ve contributed to during their careers. Each generation has certain generational influences such as war times and civil rights for the baby boomers and social media and the technology boom for the millennia’s. One constant that has not changed, however, is that the average American has to work for a living, and with the evolution of the US economy, they are having to work longer and are retiring later. As time has progressed and technology has taken over in the†¦show more content†¦This act prohibits an employer from declining to hire, fired, and otherwise discriminate against an employee 40 years of age or older. In a Supreme Court Case Oscar Mayer Co. v. Evans, Oscar Mayer was accused of age discrimination against an employee (Oscar Mayer Co. v. Evans, 2007). Evans claimed he was forced to retire after 23 years of services because of his age, which is a clear violation of the ADEA. This law is suggested to be the product of the Title VII of the Civil Right Act of 1964 (Glenn Little, 2014). While title VII was expected to avert all forms of discrimination it didn t not include age as one of the five protected classes. However, the main mission was to provide equal opportunities and being the journey away from discrimination against employees. So Congress looked upon the Secretary of Labor to report on age discrimination. They find out that the data showed widespread amount of discrimination against older workers. Date showed that workers 65 and over were barred from almost all potential jobs openings. This law affects upper aged individuals that are in need of a necessary career change, or who has constantly been within an organization for numerous amounts of years. They just want to be judge on their qualifications and their ability to do the job and not there age. The ADEA simply tells employers to disregard age, when it comes to employment decision. A first step to ensureShow MoreRelatedAgeism : Discrimination Against Older People865 Words   |  4 Pages Ageism is â€Å"discrimination against older people.† (Webster’s, 2003) The words age and racism combined to define this prejudice. There are studies that show one in every five workers in the United States are over fifty-five. Around sixty percent of workers state they have experienced ageism in the workplace. (North, 2013) Yet, the elderly are not the only ones who experience age discrimination. Ageism happens to children, teenagers, and middle-aged adults. Age discrimination appears to be prevalentRead MoreIs Ageism The Intentional And Subconscious Discrimination Against Older Adults? Essay1265 Words   |  6 Pagessubconscious discrimination against older adults, but it seems the younger generation does not understand that and dismisses the elderly. Showing respect and dignity to the older adult (OA) should be a courtesy ingrained in each of us, sadly, that has been forgotten in today’s society. The younger generations must learn the importance of respecting and take the time to listen to what the OA has to say and spend quality time with them. Children should be taught from an early age to treat the elderly withRead MoreAgeism : The Most Prevalent Prejudice Essay1269 Words   |  6 Pagesthe image presented in television and films I watched. As I aged, my perception has changed. The Baby Boomer generation is â€Å"an estimated 74.9 million,† making up the elderly population, ages â€Å"35-50 in 2015† (FRY, 2016, para. 1). Soon, Generation X, my generation, will be elderly population and it makes me wonder, what ageist views will my students will have of me. The Overlooked Bias A multitude of research explores the marginalization of groups based on racial, culture, religion, sexual orientationRead MoreAging Bias For The Elderly1446 Words   |  6 Pagesbeen experiencing aging bias for a very long time. It is also evident in the medical profession as well, and one needs to do more to ensure that everyone is treated fairly especially the elderly patients. The elderly patients need to treat with the utmost respect and dignity. One needs to understand that the elderly are the ones who pave the way for the younger generation. Therefore, it is important that one takes the time out of their busy assignments to listen to what the older patients have to sayRead MoreCorrelation Between Age And Preference For Association With Individuals From A Age Group Or Bracket1497 Words   |  6 Pagesto evaluate the correlation between age and preference for association with individuals from a certain age group or bracket. The use of an IAT test revealed that most people have a strong bias towards old individuals in favor of associations with younger people. The research study was based on extensive observations in numerous American societies that prefer or exhibit a veiled discrimination and/or bias towards old people. Once individuals attain a particular age when they are not self-supportingRead MoreGender Roles Of Early Childhood Development932 Words   |  4 Pagessociety filled with gender stereotypes, children often adopt gender roles as they move from childhood to adolescence because of the many factors that influence their views to the point they will deny certain roles because it does not fit the gender bias. During the early years, boys and girls will usually be drawn towards gender specific activities. Playing house for example, they little boy will imitate going to work, while the little girl will imitate cooking in the kitchen and playing with theRead MoreThe Indian Culture in Slum dog Millionaire1399 Words   |  6 Pagesthan likely came to them so quickly because they were probably not the first boys that had their mother killed in the religious wars. This type of first hand experience hardened the boys and even at such a young age it seemed that they were prepared for this traumatic event. The cultural bias in this movie was not completely relevant on first glance. Thinking back on the film it hit me that the few Westerners in the movie were portrayed nearly the exact same way. One set of westerners was at the TajRead MoreThe Generation Of The Boomer Generation1422 Words   |  6 PagesToday, three generations work side by side in American businesses, each with their own differing values. Managers need to recognize their unique characteristics and plan accordingly. The term Generation Gap entered our daily lexicon in the 1960s when members of the Boomer generation were teenagers. It recognized the chasm that existed between the Boomers and their parents in regard to their divergent political views, taste in music, the clothes they wore, and professional goals: Baby BoomersRead MoreManaging Generational Divide887 Words   |  4 Pagesworkforce, embracing the differences can bring a diverse way of thinking and handling projects, and to traverse the divide requires continual management, as well as, staff training. Currently there are four prevalent generations in the workforce: Traditionalists, Baby Boomers, Generation X, and Millennials (Raymer, Reed, Spiegel, Purvanova, 2017). While this multitude and variance of experience and education should enhance the workplace, there exists evidence that ageism and actual differences areRead Moreageism1028 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Ageism Kristen Dorman Ageism is the discrimination against an individual or group due to age. While ageism is a real problem, many people tend to ignore it because it is so often practiced, people don’t even realize it is happening. The forms of ageism range from the very obvious to the more discrete, almost unrecognizable discrimination. While ageism is evident in all age groups, it tends to be more dominant among the elderly and teenagers or young adults. When most people envision an elderly

Bibo - 1025 Words

First Last Name Ms. Johnson English 1302 November 17, 2012 Teacher’s Note: This sample only provides 3 sources, but students need 10 for the final paper. Feminism Fiction Brunnemer, Kristin. Sexuality in Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House. In Bloom, Harold, ed. Human Sexuality, Blooms Literary Themes. New York: Chelsea House Publishing, 2009. Blooms Literary Reference Online. Facts On File, Inc. Web. 6 Nov. 2012. In this article, Kristin Brunnemer explores writer Henrik Ibsen and the transformation of Nora, the main character in Ibsen’s â€Å"A Doll’s House† (Brunnemer 1). There is much debate over whether Ibsen intended to promote feminism through his main female character, Nora, in his play â€Å"A Doll’s House† (Brunnemer†¦show more content†¦Nora, the main character in Ibsen’s â€Å"A Doll’s House†, leaves her husband and children at the end of the play in search of her own identity (Burt 1). This final scene of Ibsen’s play sent shock waves around the world as people began to question and react to a woman’s place in marriage (Burt 1). Nearly a decade later, Nora’s reasons for leaving are still the source of much discussion and debate (Burt 1). This source is reliable as it was written by a respected author, was published and is available through the college’s online library. The source is also current as it was published in 2008. Burt’s research is reliable because he provides specific facts about Ibsen and the play â€Å"A Doll’s House†. The facts are well documented and Burt provides support from other sources for the statements made throughout the article. This source was helpful in my research of feminism in fiction because it confirms that Ibsen’s â€Å"A Doll’s House† does address feminism through the untraditional exit of the main female character. Fusco, Katherine. Systems, Not Men: Producing People In Charlotte Perkins Gilmans Herland.. Studies In The Novel 41.4 (2009): 418-434. Academic Search Complete. Web. 7 Nov. 2012. In this publication, Kathrine Fusco compares and contrasts the industrial efficiency goals sought by Frederick Winslow Taylor with the utopian efficiencyShow MoreRelatedMarketing and Distribution of Packaged Drinking Water Industry7022 Words   |  29 PagesCollection Survey Analysis of Customer Responses Page 3 Marketing Distribution of Packaged Drinking Water User Preferred Brands Segmentation, Target and Positioning A Brief Introduction to each product: 4P Analysis i. ii. iii. Conclusion References Bibo Bisleri Evian 22 22 23 23 25 28 31 33 Page 4 Marketing Distribution of Packaged Drinking Water We did our research with the aim of finding the marketing and distribution consumer preferences in the packaged drinking water industry in India.Read MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Hobbit Essay1134 Words   |  5 Pagesattacked Bilbo and his friends when great eagles and Beorn a creature that can change from man to bear. The dwarves and Bilbo go into the dark forest of Mirkwood. At this time Gandalf leaves them. In the forest the giant spiders catch them in their webs. Bibo saves them with his sword and his ring. Then the dwarves are captured by wood elves. Once again, Bilbo saves them with his ring and hides them in wooden barrels. The barrels float down the river to Laketown. Near the mountain, where Smaug the dragonRead MoreMission Statement : The Coca Cola Company Essay1587 Words   |  7 Pagesprovide healthier alternatives in an attempt to promote a healthier well-being. The Health and Nutrition division offers products to meet the needs of local communities and consumers. In places like Chile, The Health and Nutrition division produced Bibo (Kapo) because mothers wanted healthier alternatives for their children to drink without having to worry about the effects of carbonation. Currently in the United States, this division’s products circumscribe Minute Maid Coolers, Minute Maid PremiumRead MoreExperience : Project Preservation1482 Words   |  6 Pages I worked with low-income, and oftentimes troubled, students on their social and reading skills. When I was a child, I too was a participant in a similar program. I wanted to give back the time and effort that was given to me when I was young. For BIBO Global Opportunity Inc., I taught English to Japanese students of all ages and educational background. During training we learned about Japanese communication customs and taboos, how to best interact with Japanese students, and how to make them comfortableRead MoreDrug Meloxicam : A Non Steroidal Anti Inflammatory1722 Words   |  7 Pagesit is only found in a smaller fraction of about 9%. There are two isozymes involved in this conversion, the CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 both playing their own part. However the CYP2C9 playing a much bigger part than the CYP3A4. There are two other metabolites BIBO 8032 and DS-AC 2 SE, the way these products are formed in not exactly known but is most likely due to peroxidase activity. They account 4% and 16% of the remaining dose. A by-product in the formation of DS-AC 2 SE is also produces however it is notRead MoreStrategic Management Analysis of Coca Cola Company4388 Words   |  18 Pagesginseng extract, guarana extract and caffeine and B vitam ins. Juices and juice drinks Coca Cola bring innovation to the goodness of juice, creating more than 20 different juices, for adults and children, such as Minute Maid, Qoo, Fruitopia, Maaza and Bibo Sports drinks It is a combination of carbohydrates, fluids and electrolytes team that provide rapid hydration and terrific taste for fitness-seckers at any level. Example: Powerade and Aquarius Water products This smooth and essential product offersRead MoreEssay about Physics of Submarines2115 Words   |  9 Pages http://americanhistory.si.edu/subs/index.html. 2) Freudenrich, Craig, Ph. D., and Marshall Brian. How Submarines Work. 12 Apr. 2003 http://science.howstuffworks.com/submarine.htm. 3) Lehman, Cherie Bibo. Doppler Effect. 10 Apr. 2003 http://www.ccm.ecn.purdue.edu/~html/cbleman/. 4) Nuclear Propulsion. 13 Apr. 2003 http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ship/eng/reactorRead MoreOperation Strategy of Coca Cola2990 Words   |  12 Pagesbeing coke. The Coca cola’s target market is basically everyone. However, their biggest focus are people who fall between he age group of 18-25 that accounts for 40% of the total age segment. In addition, they manufacture beverage for children like Bibo to beverages for older people like coke and soda water. Coca cola tries to satisfy anyone and everyone with the products they manufacture. Moreover, due to the vast target market, it is evident that they need a very large work force. At the end ofRead MoreEssay Corporate Level Strategy Coke Cola Case3169 Words   |  13 Pagesand have different tastes. The Coca Cola Company works hard to find out what customers in different countries wanted. It creates products based on what customers asked for. In Chile, parents said they wanted healthier drinks, so Coca-Cola introduced Bibo, a brand of snack drinks fortified with vitamins. Burn, a high-energy drink, was developed for young people in Australia who wanted something to drink on their night s out. When the company introduced a health drink called Qoo, it quickly became theRead Morebrand audit of CocaCola4463 Words   |  18 PagesAndina Nectar Apollinaris Aquabona Aquapure Aquarius Aquarius Spring! Aquavalue Arwa Ayataka Aybal-Kin Bacardi Mixers * Bacardi Premium Mixers * Bankia Barbican Barq s Barrilitos Battery Bbaeonal Su Bebere Benedictino Beverly Bevi Bibo Bimbo Bimbo Break Birds Nest Bistra Bistrone Bitter Rosso Bjare BlackFire BlaK Boga Bonaqua/BonaQa Bong Pyoung Botaniq 1QQ Botany BPM Brazzi Bright And Early Brisa Brisa Gas Brisa Spa Bu burn Buyulu Bohca caffeine free Barq

Marxs Influence on Community Development free essay sample

This essay explores Marx’s influence on community development, within the parameters of social justice. I felt it was necessary to narrow down the focus of this topic as Marx has been translated, philosophized, reiterated, rewritten and rethought by a plethora of philosophers, sociologists, economists etc. I am also concentrating on Marx’s written ideas with regard to Western civilization. This essay does not enter into debate or description of contemporary Marxist or neo-Marxists approaches. Also, included in the discussion is conflict theory within which Marx’s ideas are formulated. Five of Marx’s major contributions to sociology and economics are described to inform the essay. These entail alienation, economic life and other social institutions, social classes, conflict as a theory of social change and capitalism. The general concepts of Marx’s theories are analyzed in relation to community development, its definition and the notion of social justice. Community Development – definition and theory Bell and Newby (cited in Popple Quinney 2002) found 98 definitions of the term community alone by 1971. There have been many well-documented sociological debates over the concept of community as well (Popple and Quinney 2002). For the purpose of this essay it is important to present a working definition of community development that is ‘both distinctive and universal and can be applied to all types of societies from the post-industrial to the pre-industrial’ (Hustedde Ganowics 2002) as the topic is both historical and contemporary. I agree with Hustedde and Ganowics (2002) in that the definition of community development given by Bhattacharyya is one that encompasses such criteria. Bhattacharrya’s (2004) simple definition is the process of promoting solidarity and agency. Solidarity is understood as ‘shared identity and norms’ (Bhattacharyya 2004, p. 12). Agency is defined as the ‘capacity to create, reproduce, change, and live according to’ one’s own ‘meaning system, to have the powers to define themselves as opposed to being defined by others (de Certeau cited in Bhattacharyya 2004, p. 2). Community development to date has not been linked to or developed into one descriptive and or cohesive theory since it draws on a variety of disciplines such as sociology, psychology, economics and political science (Kenny 1996; Tesoriero 2010). In examining various theories it can help us to understand people’s behaviour, develop a framework in order to better comprehend events and develop tools and methods for more efficient practice. The United Nations has targeted various ways in which disadvantaged individuals may be able to participate in the self-promotion of social justice such as organizational, informational, developmental, constitutional, legal and political (Craig 2002). However, Craig and Mayo (cited in Craig 2002) state ‘my own additional emphasis would be on the role of community development as the means by which the excluded and the marginalized can act on their own behalves in this search’ (Craig 2002, p. 671). Marxism, which has its roots in conflict theory, (Giddens 1993a; Ritzner Goldman 2004) is linked to the basic issues of social justice. During the mid nineteenth century, Marx saw the issues of social conflict between two fundamental classes, the working class proletariat and the capitalists of which the latter had power over the other translating into oppression and exploitation (Abercrombie, Hill Turner 2000; Van Krieken et al. 2000). It is from the standpoint of conflict theory that Marxists and neo-Marxists have examined the position of power in the capitalist system, which rests in the minority hands of those with economic control (Van Krieken et al. 2000). Craig (cited in Craig 2002, p. 70) said of the present day market that it is ‘the fundamental cause of much injustice, both social and economic’. Marx’s concept of conflict has influenced today’s community development practice offering theories on which to analyze and study social injustices Today, the same issues of oppression and inequality though different in historical context are the major challenges for community development in that it strives to manage and transform the conflictive issues of social relations, power struggles and oppressive elements within a society (Kenny 1996). These issues are antithetical to the goals and aims of community development and it is by studying and applying Marx’s theories to situations in the world and the community that change and social justice can hopefully be attained. Marx and capitalism Marx contributed five major concepts to sociology: alienation, economic life and other social institutions, social classes, conflict as a theory of social change and capitalism (Abercrombie, Turner Hill (2000). All of these concepts are pertinent to community development as they involve members’ participation, which are evident in work, society, class, social change and capitalist society. These concepts are also embedded in the community structure in one manner or another. Marx’s early writings represent his philosophy on what it is to be human and fulfilled (Kenny 1996 p. 82). He believed that people fulfill themselves or become fully human in the way that they are productive in the material world (Kenny 1996). Marx saw labour as ‘man’s self-confirming essence’ and the ‘primary most vital human activity’ (Swingewood 2002, p. 31). However, with the inception of capitalism Marx believed that man’s labour had been transformed into an alienated object outside of himself resulting in dehumanization or alienation (Swingewood 2000). Marx also acknowledged that alienation could exist on a personal level with respect to individuals’ feelings in addition to the alienation brought about by social and economic systems of capitalism (Abercrombie, Hill Turner 2000). It is the latter to which Marx is most often referred. Alienation can be seen as counter productive in relation to the concept of agency, an essential element in community development. Marx is most frequently alluded to as an economic determinist since he identified the central features of social activity to be the results of economic structures (Abercrombie, Turner Hill 2000; Ritzer Goldman 2004). In Marx’s perspective the capitalists of the dominant wealthy upper class were able to become more cohesive in their ties and communications than the subordinate working class (Ritzer Goldman 2004).